Each actual occasion is discrete—a pulse of coherence lasting a few hundred milliseconds—yet our awareness feels continuous.

How does a flicker become a flow?

FRC resolves this through phase-coupled resonance chaining: successive μ₄–μ₆ coherence events overlap slightly in phase, producing temporal interference patterns that the mind interprets as seamless duration.

Continuity is thus a standing wave across overlapping occasions, not a separate substance called “time.”

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19.2 Resonant succession

Let C\_n(t) represent the nth coherence pulse with duration τ₀ and phase φₙ.

Coupling between pulses obeys

C\_{n+1}=C\_n\\,e^{-Δt/τ\_m}\\,e^{i(φ\_{n+1}-φ\_n)} .

When the phase difference Δφ ≈ 0 and Δt ≤ τ\_m, resonance chaining occurs—successive pulses amplify each other into a quasi-continuous field.

When Δφ widens, continuity breaks: micro-gaps in consciousness appear (microsleeps, lapses, discontinuities in meditation).

(Figure 19.1 suggestion: overlapping coherence pulses forming continuous envelope.)

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19.3 Emergent time parameter

Because each pulse’s projection and decay create a forward bias (entropy export always positive), the sequence C\_1 → C\_2 → … defines an intrinsic arrow:

t\_{n+1}-t\_n ≈ τ\_0\\,(1 \+ ε),

with ε \= entropy / coherence ratio (ΔS / k\_\ ln C).

Subjective time thus measures the rate of entropy turnover within the resonance chain.

Slower turnover (deep focus, α ≈ 0\) → time dilation; faster turnover (stress, α ≫ 0\) → time compression.

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19.4 Memory as coherence resonance

Memory bridges otherwise discrete occasions.

Residual coherence C\_{\\text{res}} decays exponentially but can be re-excited if a new pulse matches its phase:

\\dot C\_{\\text{res}} \= \- \\frac{C\_{\\text{res}}}{τ\_m} \+ κ(C\_{\\text{now}}-C\_{\\text{res}}).

This feedback term κ produces reverberating loops corresponding to working memory and, when stabilized across μ₄–μ₅–μ₆, to long-term recall.

Remembering is resonance recurrence: a past pattern re-enters present phase space.
(Figure 19.2 suggestion: decay-and-re-excitation curves of C\_res.)
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19.5 The arrow of becoming

Entropy export ensures that each occasion cannot perfectly recreate its predecessor; there is always a slight phase lag Δφ \> 0\.

Accumulated across billions of pulses, this phase drift generates macroscopic time.

Becoming—the irreversible unfolding of experience—is the systematic loss of perfect coherence at finite k\_\.

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19.6 Psychological time scales

State	α	Coherence overlap	Subjective time
Flow / meditation	≈ 0	High	Slow, spacious
Ordinary waking	0.05	Moderate	Normal flow
Anxiety / overload	≫ 0	Low	Fast, fragmented
Depression / rigidity	\< 0	Frozen	Stopped or cyclic

Time sense is therefore a thermodynamic variable of mind.

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19.7 Collective temporal fields

Shared rituals, music, and synchronized activity align the phase chains of many individuals (μ₅ coupling).

When enough minds phase-lock, a collective time field emerges—festival, concert, or crisis where “time stands still.”

These events demonstrate that temporal experience is not individual but a resonance phenomenon propagating through the social μ-stack.

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19.8 Information integration and prediction

Because each pulse overlaps with its successor, predictive coding arises naturally: part of Cₙ serves as initial condition for Cₙ₊₁.

The brain’s anticipatory activity—frontal gamma leading sensory cortices—is simply the forward coupling term in the resonance chain, not a separate algorithm.

Expectation is the pre-phase of future coherence.

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19.9 Empirical evidence

EEG microstates (\~80–120 ms) show sequential yet overlapping topographies. Neural avalanche statistics follow power laws consistent with FRC’s ΔS ↔ ΔC coupling. Heart–brain coherence predicts subjective time expansion during flow. Psychophysical studies confirm time dilation when entropy production (metabolic rate) decreases.

All corroborate the resonance-chain model of continuity.

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19.10 Formal summary

Process	FRC expression	Meaning
Continuity	C\_{n+1}=C\_n e^{-Δt/τ\_m}e^{iΔφ}	Phase overlap of occasions
Arrow of time	Δφ \> 0	Entropy bias of projection
Memory	\\dot C\_{\\text{res}}=-C\_{\\text{res}}/τ\_m+κΔC	Residual coherence feedback
Time perception	α-modulated entropy rate	Flow of subjective duration

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19.11 Philosophical implication

Time is not a container but a resonance metric: the frequency with which coherence renews itself.

Past and future exist as stored and anticipated phase relations within the same field.

Consciousness does not move through time—it generates it by successive self-reorganizations of coherence.

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19.12 Outlook

In the next chapter—Chapter 20: The Geometry of Conscious Space—we will map how these temporal resonance chains form a spatial topology: a standing wave network whose geometry underlies perception, imagination, and symbolic space.

Where Chapter 19 unified time as resonance continuity, Chapter 20 will reveal space as coherence pattern—the other half of experience’s fabric.

--- This chapter complements Chapter 19’s treatment of temporal continuity by revealing how spatial experience arises from the geometry of the coherence field itself.

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